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The Wizard of dollar city |
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Written by Administrator
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Thursday, 18 February 2010 |
In 1964 he began one of the most bizarre disputes in American science, which for 30 years engaged historians, economists. Not related to scientific books, but ... novels for children - the popular ( "The Wizard of Oz"), Lyman Frank Baum.
The late nineteenth century marked the most serious social tensions of the Civil War. Increase agricultural productivity, nearly all suitable land for cultivation land of the Wild West and the improvement of transport infrastructure caused the decrease in prices of agricultural products in the years 1880 to 1900. It struck mainly farmers. The most affected were those who took loans for agricultural machinery or the purchase of land. Profitability of small and medium-sized farms meant that their owners had to borrow, often losing by the achievements of life. In addition to banks, the object of hostility for farmers to become wholesale purchasers of grain, which were accused of undercutting prices and transport companies demanding high fees for the carriage of goods. Impoverishment of farmers entailed pauperization of residents of small towns in rural districts and the growing disparities between the states and the agricultural industry. Residents of the latter formed in the eighties of the nineteenth century two political organizations: Union of South and North Union. In 1892 they merged to form the National People Party (National People's Party), which apart from defending the interests of the village has formulated a comprehensive program of reconstruction of the state. Problems were also threatened by the entrepreneur and the anti-trust law crisis in industry and commerce in 1893. Its causes are primarily cyclical overheating, which is investing too much of the industry (by which production could not find outlets), and speculation in shares. The effect of the crisis was the closure of more than 500 banks and several thousand factories and unemployment. Become increasingly widespread hatred of big corporations accused of threatening life and health of working conditions in industry and the brutal suppression of protests. They also accused of inhumane approach to workers. Both farmers and workers actively joined in the dispute with silver dollars. Until 1873, the U.S. force bimetallism, that there were gold and silver dollars. 1836 years of rigid ratio of the value of bullion coins amounted to 16 ounces of silver for one ounce of gold. Due to the shortage of silver on the market, the system abolished and the Gold Standard was introduced (based solely on the gold dollar). Meanwhile, discovered new deposits of silver in Nevada. Metal has become widely available and much cheaper than before. Back to therefore mean that the dollar, silver, golden theoretically equal, in practice, would be worth considerably less. Payment and settlement of debts a silver dollar would be profitable. This would lead to inflation, and hence an increase in prices for crops, greater availability of cheap credit - of great importance for the people of the acquis (that is enterprising, and poor settlers borderline). If we add to this powerful lobby agitating the owners of silver mines, it becomes clear why the idea of returning to found support in Congress. Equally, however, were obvious shortcomings of this idea. Lost on the banks (forced to accept inferior money), and urban dwellers (their salaries would be worth less) and a gold Treasury. Lose confidence in the dollar by foreign investors. Opted for the silver, the vast majority of Democrats, many Republicans, as well as cooperating with the populists batch of "green" (named so because she wanted to keep in circulation - paper released in U.S. dollars during the Civil War, which have been rapid devaluation, with good indeed consequences for indebted farmers and bad for the market). In 1878, despite the veto of President Hayes, passed Bland - Allison Act. Impose an obligation on the state treasury to buy every month at the market value of silver 2 - 4 million dollars and the killing of the coins, which maintain the old relationship of ore 16:1. Proponents of silver did not hold back on that. In 1890 he managed to push through the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which prescribes a monthly purchase of silver, worth 4.5 million dollars and a payment made known. certificates (notes convertible into silver or gold coins). Effect - whoever had the silver, the mint sold them, and then exchanged for gold certificates. Within three years the state has lost nearly half of the stocks of the ore. When in 1893 the crisis came, the quest for gold has become widespread. Terrified by President Cleveland (a Democrat and supporter of limiting bimetalizm) persuaded Congress to repeal the Sherman Act. In one of the letters issued in the living from the mining of silver, Colorado, it was considered that this was the greatest crime against the American nation and civilization since the creation of the state. To the decision the president gave a negative or part of the Democrats. Election at the convention in 1896, nominate the party in the next election is not Cleveland, but a radical supporter of striking a silver dollar without limitation William Jennings Bryan. Little-known lawyer, but capable orator, won the hearts of speech, accusing Democrats of financiers eastern states of the Gold Standard at the expense of forcing ordinary people. Ended her fiery statement: no man work founding the crown of thorns on the brow, not humanity nailed to the cross of gold. Gave him the nomination is not just Democrats, but support for populists, who had already made a dozen or so representatives to Congress. At the Republican convention came to a split: at risk of losing the electoral delegates western mining states formed a new batch of Silver Republicans, who supported Bryan. In turn, the ranks of the Democrats left a number of supporters of Gold Standard, forming the National Democratic Party with their own presidential candidate. In this way, presidential elections have become the de facto choice between bimetallism and the gold. The latter opted for the Republican nominee, a veteran of the Civil War, William McKinley, who was convinced that inflation is caused by bimetallism will destroy the economy. This view is shared by the U.S. business elite. Thanks to their support of Mark Hanna, McKinley's campaign manager, energetic, gathered at her enormous resources - five times bigger than the Democrats. This allowed him to promote a dynamic of its candidate in the media. Which had no money Bryan chose a different tactic. Using his oratorical talent, traveled by train, almost the entire United, speaking to voters at rallies. In the 100 days he gave 500 to talk. In terms of innovation methods and atmosphere of the campaign in 1896 resembled that of 2008. McKinley won the election. But while in college received the vast majority (271 against 176 votes for Bryan), it's advantage among voters amounted to only 0.5 million of the approximately 14 million voters. The scales in favor of the workers McKinley East Coast, where the rhetoric does not convince Bryan, as well as immigrants Tempted slogan agreement over ethnic divisions. Password Bryan: 16 to 1 (ounces of silver to the ounce of gold), however, gave him a huge majority of the farmers in many other environments. He is also a nominee Democrats and populists stood against McKinleyov in the election campaign four years later. Shortly before the start of the president pushed through Gold Standard Act, the U.S. monetary system based on gold. In addition to overturn that law, a major theme of the campaign was Bryan's criticism of "imperialism," McKinley, who decided on the annexation of the Philippines (against the wishes of their inhabitants, which previously supported the U.S. against the Spanish). However, this time, McKinley won the election. Contributed to the defeat of Bryan probably improve the economic situation, which has persuaded many people to the Gold Standard, as well as a skilful appeal to the Republican sentiment aroused patriotic war with Spain. McKinley won by a much greater advantage than four years earlier. Populists soon disappeared from the Congress, and bimetallism set aside to rest. Several months before that election, in mid-1900, the market released a new book, The Wizard of Oz, Lyman Frank Baum, author of popular novels for children. It was a story of a kidnapped girl from Kansas by a tornado to a magical land. The book became a bestseller and received 13 further volumes. One reason for this success was probably the fact that the full reality of the American work was closer to customers than the national translations of European fairy tales. But if those realities do not have deeper meaning? In 1964, Henry M. Littlefield published a celebrated article "The Wizard of Oz parable of populism." According to the author of The Wizard Littlefield was an advocate of Bryan in the election of the years 1896 and 1900, and his novel is an allegory describing the contemporary problems of the United States. Thus, the road paved with yellow cube, which is sometimes pleasant surroundings, but sometimes it is too dark and scary, the way of reliance on gold it does not lead to the intended purpose, but exposed to many dangers. The real solution to its problems were silver as a silver dollar, the bits in unlimited quantities, solve problems of farmers. Individual book characters symbolize different groups in society. The Wicked Witch of the East, who for many years held in captivity, forcing them to work for her - that capitalists East Coast. Devoid of reason Scarecrow is a typical farmer of central and western states, brave and tough, but naive. Tin, who through hard work has lost the heart (a and body), symbolizes losing health workers in the factories. Cowardly lion, strong and capable of terrifying roar, the William J. Bryan in person. The Emerald bulkheads - Washington - The Wizard expects them, in fact, little old man unable to make anything, people that meet their dreams. It can be identified with any president of the time (probably most of the undecided Grover Cleveland) or considered as personification of power hiding their inability to meet citizens' expectations. Sent by him against the wicked witch of the West heroes fight winged apes, by magic to serve the holder of the Golden Cap (the reference to the Indians, which being destroyed by an American desire for money). Recall that it was the discovery of gold on Indian lands led to rid them from there. Littlefield acknowledged that these analogies and references are far too consistent to be accidental. This view is supported by other investigators. Already in 1971, Richard Jensen, in a study of the central and western United States in the late nineteenth century, expanded this interpretation dog Toto, according to him took the name from the word "teetotaler", ie supporter of abstinence. Enabled the movement of prohibitive, to which he belonged Bryan was long a pillar populists. Jensen also suggested that Oz can be a shortcut for the word "ounce" (ounce), which refers to a slogan in 16 to 1 Did not prevent him, the fact that Baum consistently gave another inspired this name.
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